A systematic review of the extent and measurement of healthcare provider racism

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Although considered a key driver of racial disparities in healthcare, relatively little is known about the extent of interpersonal racism perpetrated by healthcare providers, nor is there a good understanding of how best to measure such racism. OBJECTIVES: This paper reviews worldwide evidence (from 1995 onwards) for racism among healthcare providers; as well as comparing existing measurement approaches to emerging best practice, it focuses on the assessment of interpersonal racism, rather than internalized or systemic/institutional racism. METHODS: The following databases and electronic journal collections were searched for articles published between 1995 and 2012: Medline, CINA..